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1 вердикт
Синонимический ряд:приговор (сущ.) приговор -
2 выносивший вердикт
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > выносивший вердикт
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3 absolutorio
adj.absolutory, absolving, verdict of not guilty.* * *► adjetivo1■ fallo absolutorio verdict of acquittal, verdict of not guilty■ sentencia absolutoria verdict of acquittal, verdict of not guilty* * *ADJ* * *- ria adjetivoun fallo absolutorio — ≈a verdict of not guilty
* * *= exonerating, exculpatory.Ex. The men were freed because exonerating evidence was found.Ex. This article deals with the criminal law's treatment of exculpatory and inculpatory mistakes.* * *- ria adjetivoun fallo absolutorio — ≈a verdict of not guilty
* * *= exonerating, exculpatory.Ex: The men were freed because exonerating evidence was found.
Ex: This article deals with the criminal law's treatment of exculpatory and inculpatory mistakes.* * *un fallo absolutorio a verdict of not guilty* * *absolutorio, -a adjabsolutory, absolving* * *adj:sentencia absolutoria JUR not-guilty verdict -
4 fallo
m.1 mistake (error). (peninsular Spanish)tener un fallo to make a mistakeun fallo humano a human errorun fallo técnico a technical fault2 fault (defecto). (peninsular Spanish)tener muchos fallos to have lots of faults3 verdict (veredicto).4 failure, lapse, miss, infelicity.5 resolution, decision, judgment, judgement.6 breakdown.7 empty cell.8 shock.pres.indicat.1 1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: fallar.2 1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: fallir.* * *► adjetivo1 (naipes) void————————1 DERECHO judgement, ruling2 (en concurso) decision————————2 (defecto) fault, defect* * *noun m.1) fault, mistake2) sentence, verdict* * *1. SM1) (=mal funcionamiento) failure; (=defecto) fault2) (=error) mistake¡qué fallo! — what a stupid mistake!
3) (Jur) [de un tribunal] judgment, rulingel fallo fue a su favor — the judgment o ruling was in her favour
4) [de concurso, premio] decision5) (Naipes) void2.ADJ(Naipes)* * *1) (en concurso, certamen) decision; (Der) ruling, judgment2) (Esp) falla 2)3) (Esp) ( lástima)qué fallo! si llego a saber que estás aquí te lo traigo — what a shame! if I'd known you were going to be here I would have brought it
•* * *= breakdown, failing, failure, fault, flaw, malfunction, pitfall, slip, dysfunction, miss, crash, slip-up.Ex. Moreover, it would have been subject to frequent breakdown, for at that time and long after complexity and unreliability were synonymous.Ex. No supervisor should be a tiresome nag, but the achievements and failings of a persons's performance deserves mention in a constructive way at timely, regular intervals.Ex. DBMS systems aim to cope with system failure and generate restart procedures.Ex. Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.Ex. The author lists 10 advantages of procuring the journals through STC, but counterbalances these by listing 14 flaws in the corporation's organisation.Ex. All users are charged direct search costs plus an overhead for each request to allow for indirect costs (labour, hardware, software, training, system malfunction).Ex. Nevertheless, it is worth drawing a comparison between them so that menu-based information retrieval systems might avoid some of the pitfalls of traditional classification.Ex. Put a set of premises into such a device and turn the crank, and it will readily pass out conclusion after conclusion with no more slips that would be expected of a keyboard adding machine.Ex. Dysfunctions in performance were chiefly attributable to user failure to locate books (bad signposting and disappearance of stock through theft).Ex. But the costs that I've seen so far aren't worth it for what it gets for our patrons, that is, the number of misses we can afford compared to the costs of making sure people don't miss.Ex. In addition, programmers may not always anticipate all the mistakes which can be made, and so crashes occur anyway, though under more limited circumstances.Ex. Minor slip-ups are things like - your fly is undone while giving a presentation, you accidentally let out an audible burp at a work luncheon, wardrobe malfunctions, you pass gas.----* a prueba de fallos = fail-safe.* arreglar un fallo = fix + fault.* detectar un fallo = detect + fault.* fallo cardíaco = heart attack, heart failure.* fallo de vestuario = wardrobe malfunction.* fallo mecánico = machine failure.* sin fallos = flawlessly.* tener fallos = be flawed.* * *1) (en concurso, certamen) decision; (Der) ruling, judgment2) (Esp) falla 2)3) (Esp) ( lástima)qué fallo! si llego a saber que estás aquí te lo traigo — what a shame! if I'd known you were going to be here I would have brought it
•* * *= breakdown, failing, failure, fault, flaw, malfunction, pitfall, slip, dysfunction, miss, crash, slip-up.Ex: Moreover, it would have been subject to frequent breakdown, for at that time and long after complexity and unreliability were synonymous.
Ex: No supervisor should be a tiresome nag, but the achievements and failings of a persons's performance deserves mention in a constructive way at timely, regular intervals.Ex: DBMS systems aim to cope with system failure and generate restart procedures.Ex: Documents and information can be lost forever by faults in inputting.Ex: The author lists 10 advantages of procuring the journals through STC, but counterbalances these by listing 14 flaws in the corporation's organisation.Ex: All users are charged direct search costs plus an overhead for each request to allow for indirect costs (labour, hardware, software, training, system malfunction).Ex: Nevertheless, it is worth drawing a comparison between them so that menu-based information retrieval systems might avoid some of the pitfalls of traditional classification.Ex: Put a set of premises into such a device and turn the crank, and it will readily pass out conclusion after conclusion with no more slips that would be expected of a keyboard adding machine.Ex: Dysfunctions in performance were chiefly attributable to user failure to locate books (bad signposting and disappearance of stock through theft).Ex: But the costs that I've seen so far aren't worth it for what it gets for our patrons, that is, the number of misses we can afford compared to the costs of making sure people don't miss.Ex: In addition, programmers may not always anticipate all the mistakes which can be made, and so crashes occur anyway, though under more limited circumstances.Ex: Minor slip-ups are things like - your fly is undone while giving a presentation, you accidentally let out an audible burp at a work luncheon, wardrobe malfunctions, you pass gas.* a prueba de fallos = fail-safe.* arreglar un fallo = fix + fault.* detectar un fallo = detect + fault.* fallo cardíaco = heart attack, heart failure.* fallo de vestuario = wardrobe malfunction.* fallo mecánico = machine failure.* sin fallos = flawlessly.* tener fallos = be flawed.* * *A (en un concurso, certamen) decision; ( Der) ruling, judgmentel fallo es inapelable there is no right of appeal against the judgment o rulingCompuesto:photo finishB (en naipes) voidtener or llevar fallo a tréboles to have a void in o be void in clubsC ( Esp)1 (error) mistake¡qué/vaya fallo! ( fam); what a stupid mistake!, what a stupid thing to do!2 (defecto) faultse detectó un fallo en el sistema de seguridad a fault was found in the security systemCompuestos:heart failuremurió de un fallo cardíaco he died of heart failure o of a heart attack( Inf) security holehuman errordebido a un fallo humano due to human error* * *
Del verbo fallar: ( conjugate fallar)
fallo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
falló es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
fallar
fallo
falló
fallar ( conjugate fallar) verbo intransitivo
1 [juez/jurado] fallo a or en favor/en contra de algn to rule in favor( conjugate favor) of/against sb
2
[ planes] to go wrong;
le falló la puntería he missed;
a ti te falla (AmL) (fam) you've a screw loose (colloq)
verbo transitivo ( errar) to miss;
fallo sustantivo masculino
(Der) ruling, judgmentb) (Esp) See Also→ falla 2
fallar 1
I vi Jur to rule
II vtr (un premio) to award
fallar 2 verbo intransitivo
1 to fail: le falló la memoria, his memory failed
2 (decepcionar) to disappoint: no nos falles, don't let us down
fallo 1 sustantivo masculino
1 Jur judgement, sentence
2 (de un premio) award
fallo 2 sustantivo masculino
1 (error) mistake: se enfadó por un fallo sin importancia, he got angry over nothing
2 (de un órgano, de un motor) failure
fallo técnico, mechanical failure
' fallo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acero
- amaraje
- desperfecto
- error
- estructural
- falla
- fallar
- guardagujas
- imagen
- tentativa
- anular
- impugnar
- revocar
English:
aim
- decree
- disappoint
- failure
- findings
- give out
- glitch
- judgement
- judgment
- lapse
- malfunction
- miss
- repair
- ruling
- sentence
- show up
- verdict
* * *fallo1 nmtuve dos fallos en el examen I made two mistakes in the exam;tu ejercicio no ha tenido ningún fallo there were no mistakes in your exercise;cometieron dos fallos desde el punto de penalti they missed two penalties;fue un fallo no llevar el abrelatas it was silly o stupid not to bring the can opener;un fallo técnico a technical fault;un fallo humano a human errortener muchos fallos to have lots of faults;tener fallos de memoria to have memory lapses3. [veredicto] verdict;[en concurso] decision;el fallo del jurado the jury's verdictfallo absolutorio acquittal;fallo judicial court rulingfallo2, -a adjChile Agr failed* * *m1 mistake;fallo del sistema INFOR system error2 TÉC fault3 JUR judg(e)ment* * *fallo nm1) sentencia: sentence, judgment, verdict2) : error, fault* * *fallo n1. (error) mistake / error2. (tiro errado) miss3. (defecto) defect / flaw4. (avería) faultun fallo en el motor a fault in the engine / an engine fault -
5 veredicto
m.verdict.* * *1 verdict\veredicto de culpabilidad / veredicto de inculpabilidad verdict of guilty / verdict of not guilty* * *noun m.* * *SM verdictemitir veredicto — to issue o give a verdict
veredicto de culpabilidad — verdict of guilty, guilty verdict
veredicto de inculpabilidad — verdict of not guilty, not guilty verdict
* * ** * *= verdict.Ex. A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.----* llegar a un veredicto = reach + verdict.* * ** * *= verdict.Ex: A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.
* llegar a un veredicto = reach + verdict.* * *1 ( Der) verdictel jurado emitió su veredicto the jury gave its verdict2 (opinión, dictamen) opinion, verdictCompuesto:veredicto de culpabilidad/inculpabilidadverdict of guilty/not guilty* * *
veredicto sustantivo masculino (Der) verdict;
( dictamen) opinion, verdict
veredicto sustantivo masculino verdict
' veredicto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
emitir
English:
deliberate
- deliver
- exhibit
- quash
- return
- reversal
- reverse
- verdict
- open
* * *veredicto nmverdict* * *m JUR, figverdict* * *veredicto nm: verdict* * *veredicto n verdict -
6 виновен
guilty (за of); culpableвиновен съм be to blame (за for); the fault lies with me, the blame is mineразг. it is my faultсамо ти си си виновен you have only yourself to thank/to blameвиновният the culpritсъдът го призна за виновен he was found guilty, the court brought in a verdict of guilty against himобвиняемият се призна за виновен the defendant pleaded guiltyобвиняемият не се призна за виновен the defendant pleaded not guiltyвиновна усмивка a guilty/an apologetic smile* * *вино̀вен,прил., -на, -но, -ни blameful, guilty (за of); culpable; \виновенен съм be to blame (за for); the fault lies with me, the blame is mine; it is my fault; \виновенният the culprit; много съм \виновенен be much to blame; обвиняемият не се призна за \виновенен the defendant pleaded not guilty; обвиняемият се призна за \виновенен the defendant pleaded guilty; само ти си \виновенен you have only yourself to thank/to blame; the guilt/fault lies with you alone; съдът го призна за \виновенен he was found guilty, the court brought in a verdict of guilty against him; ти си \виновенен the blame lies at your door; the fault lies with you; • \виновенна усмивка guilty/apologetic smile.* * *culpable: The verdict was виновен. - Присъдата беше виновен.; hangdog; peccant; to blame* * *1. guilty (за of);culpable 2. ВИНОВЕН съм be to blame (за for);the fault lies with me, the blame is mine 3. виновна усмивка a guilty/an apologetic smile 4. виновният the culprit 5. много съм ВИНОВЕН be much to blame 6. обвиняемият не се призна за ВИНОВЕН the defendant pleaded not guilty 7. обвиняемият се призна за ВИНОВЕН the defendant pleaded guilty 8. разг. it is my fault 9. само ти си си ВИНОВЕН you have only yourself to thank/to blame 10. съдът го призна за ВИНОВЕН he was found guilty, the court brought in a verdict of guilty against him 11. ти си ВИНОВЕН the blame lies at your door -
7 обвинительный приговор
1) General subject: guilty verdict2) Law: condemnatory judgement, conviction (судьи, рассмотревшего дело вместо суда присяжных), decreet condemnator, judgement of conviction, verdict of guilty, judgement of guilt3) Diplomatic term: judge of conviction4) American English: a guilty verdict [as in "the judge returned a guilty verdict"], found guilty [as in "the suspect was found guilty".5) leg.N.P. judgment of convictionУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > обвинительный приговор
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8 begründen
I v/t1. (Behauptung etc.) give reasons for, explain; (rechtfertigen) justify, back up; (Handlung) explain; wie oder womit begründest du deinen Entschluss? how do you explain your decision?; er begründete es damit, dass... he explained ( oder justified) it by the fact that...; durch nichts zu begründen completely unfounded ( oder unjustified); etw. näher / sachlich begründen explain s.th. in more detail / in concrete terms; JUR.: ein Urteil begründen give the reasons for a verdict2. (gründen) found, establish; (Geschäft etc.) meist set up; fig. (jemandes Ruf etc.) establish; (jemandes Glück etc.) lay the foundations for ( oder of); (Haushalt) set upII v/refl be explained; wie begründet sich seine Forderung? what is the reason for his claim?* * *(anspornen) to motivate;(erläutern) to give reasons for; to explain; to justify;(gründen) to ground; to found; to establish* * *be|grụ̈n|den ptp begrü\#ndetvt1) (= Gründe anführen für) to give reasons for; (rechtfertigend) Forderung, Meinung, Ansicht to justify; Verhalten to account for; Verdacht, Behauptung to substantiatewie or womit begründete er seine Ablehnung? — how did he account for or justify his refusal?, what reason(s) did he give for his refusal?
etw eingehend/näher begründen — to give detailed/specific reasons for sth
See:* * *1) (to discuss, giving one's reasoning: She argued the point very cleverly.) argue2) (to give the facts that are able to prove or support (a claim, theory etc): He cannot substantiate his claim/accusation.) substantiate* * *be·grün·den *vt1. (Gründe angeben)eine Ablehnung/Forderung \begründen to justify a refusal/demandeine Behauptung/Klage/einen Verdacht \begründen to substantiate a claim/complaint/suspicionsein Verhalten ist einfach durch nichts zu \begründen his behaviour simply cannot be accounted for2. (gründen)▪ etw \begründen to found [or establish] stheine Firma \begründen to found [or form] a company, to establish [or set up] a businesseinen Hausstand \begründen to set up house* * *transitives Verb1) substantiate < statement, charge, claim>; give reasons for <decision, refusal, opinion>2) (gründen) found; establish <fame, reputation>* * *A. v/t1. (Behauptung etc) give reasons for, explain; (rechtfertigen) justify, back up; (Handlung) explain;womit begründest du deinen Entschluss? how do you explain your decision?;durch nichts zu begründen completely unfounded ( oder unjustified);etwas näher/sachlich begründen explain sth in more detail/in concrete terms; JUR:ein Urteil begründen give the reasons for a verdict2. (gründen) found, establish; (Geschäft etc) meist set up; fig (jemandes Ruf etc) establish; (jemandes Glück etc) lay the foundations for ( oder of); (Haushalt) set upB. v/r be explained;wie begründet sich seine Forderung? what is the reason for his claim?* * *transitives Verb1) substantiate <statement, charge, claim>; give reasons for <decision, refusal, opinion>2) (gründen) found; establish <fame, reputation>* * *(eine Behauptung) v.to explain v.to give reasons for expr. v.to back up v.to establish v.to found v.to justify v.to substantiate v. -
9 Spruch
m; -(e)s, Sprüche1. saying; (Lehrspruch) dictum; (Weisheit) auch aphorism, maxim; (Sinnspruch) epigram; (Bibelstelle) auch quotation; (Wahlspruch, Losung) slogan; ( große) Sprüche machen oder klopfen umg. talk big, shoot one’s mouth off; ( das sind) alles Sprüche! umg. it’s all talk, it’s just hot air; er hat immer irgendwelche Sprüche drauf umg. he always comes out with some cliché or other; du und deine dummen Sprüche! umg. you and your stupid sayings!2. (Schiedsspruch) ruling; JUR. (Urteil) judg(e)ment; in Strafsachen: sentence; der Geschworenen: verdict; Salomo(n)* * *der Spruchverdict; award; saying; maxim* * *Sprụch [ʃprʊx]m -(e)s, -e['ʃprʏçə]1) saying; (= Sinnspruch) saying, aphorism; (= Maxime) adage, maxim; (= Wahlspruch) motto; (= Bibelspruch) quotation, quote; (POET = Gedicht) medieval lyric poemSprüche klopfen (inf) — to talk fancy (Brit inf)
mach keine Sprüche! (inf) — come off it! (inf)
2) (= Richterspruch) judgement; (= Freispruch/Schuldspruch) verdict; (= Strafurteil) sentence; (= Schiedsspruch) ruling* * *(a printed saying etc, often found inside a Christmas cracker.) motto* * *<-[e]s, Sprüche>[ʃprʊx, pl ˈʃprʏçə]m1. (Ausspruch) saying, aphorism, slogandie Wände waren mit Sprüchen beschmiert slogans had been scrawled on the wallsdas ist doch nur wieder einer dieser dummen Sprüche it's all just empty talk [or fam meaningless prattle2. (einstudierter Text) quotationder \Spruch der Geschworenen the [jury's] verdicteinen \Spruch fällen to pronounce a sentence; Schiedsrichter to make an award4.* * *der; Spruch[e]s, Sprüche1) (WahlSpruch) motto; (SinnSpruch) maxim; adage; (AusSpruch) saying; aphorism; (Zitat) quotation; quote; (Parole) slogan; (BibelSpruch) quotation; sayingdas sind doch alles nur Sprüche — that's just talk or empty words pl.
Sprüche machen od. klopfen — talk big (coll.)
* * *1. saying; (Lehrspruch) dictum; (Weisheit) auch aphorism, maxim; (Sinnspruch) epigram; (Bibelstelle) auch quotation; (Wahlspruch, Losung) slogan;klopfen umg talk big, shoot one’s mouth off;(das sind) alles Sprüche! umg it’s all talk, it’s just hot air;er hat immer irgendwelche Sprüche drauf umg he always comes out with some cliché or other;du und deine dummen Sprüche! umg you and your stupid sayings!2. (Schiedsspruch) ruling; JUR (Urteil) judg(e)ment; in Strafsachen: sentence; der Geschworenen: verdict; → Salomo(n)* * *der; Spruch[e]s, Sprüche1) (WahlSpruch) motto; (SinnSpruch) maxim; adage; (AusSpruch) saying; aphorism; (Zitat) quotation; quote; (Parole) slogan; (BibelSpruch) quotation; sayingdas sind doch alles nur Sprüche — that's just talk or empty words pl.
Sprüche machen od. klopfen — talk big (coll.)
* * *-¨e m.saying n.verdict n. -
10 spruch
m; -(e)s, Sprüche1. saying; (Lehrspruch) dictum; (Weisheit) auch aphorism, maxim; (Sinnspruch) epigram; (Bibelstelle) auch quotation; (Wahlspruch, Losung) slogan; ( große) Sprüche machen oder klopfen umg. talk big, shoot one’s mouth off; ( das sind) alles Sprüche! umg. it’s all talk, it’s just hot air; er hat immer irgendwelche Sprüche drauf umg. he always comes out with some cliché or other; du und deine dummen Sprüche! umg. you and your stupid sayings!2. (Schiedsspruch) ruling; JUR. (Urteil) judg(e)ment; in Strafsachen: sentence; der Geschworenen: verdict; Salomo(n)* * *der Spruchverdict; award; saying; maxim* * *Sprụch [ʃprʊx]m -(e)s, -e['ʃprʏçə]1) saying; (= Sinnspruch) saying, aphorism; (= Maxime) adage, maxim; (= Wahlspruch) motto; (= Bibelspruch) quotation, quote; (POET = Gedicht) medieval lyric poemSprüche klopfen (inf) — to talk fancy (Brit inf)
mach keine Sprüche! (inf) — come off it! (inf)
2) (= Richterspruch) judgement; (= Freispruch/Schuldspruch) verdict; (= Strafurteil) sentence; (= Schiedsspruch) ruling* * *(a printed saying etc, often found inside a Christmas cracker.) motto* * *<-[e]s, Sprüche>[ʃprʊx, pl ˈʃprʏçə]m1. (Ausspruch) saying, aphorism, slogandie Wände waren mit Sprüchen beschmiert slogans had been scrawled on the wallsdas ist doch nur wieder einer dieser dummen Sprüche it's all just empty talk [or fam meaningless prattle2. (einstudierter Text) quotationder \Spruch der Geschworenen the [jury's] verdicteinen \Spruch fällen to pronounce a sentence; Schiedsrichter to make an award4.* * *der; Spruch[e]s, Sprüche1) (WahlSpruch) motto; (SinnSpruch) maxim; adage; (AusSpruch) saying; aphorism; (Zitat) quotation; quote; (Parole) slogan; (BibelSpruch) quotation; sayingdas sind doch alles nur Sprüche — that's just talk or empty words pl.
Sprüche machen od. klopfen — talk big (coll.)
* * *…spruch m im subst:Grabspruch epitaph, gravestone inscription;Kalenderspruch calendar motto* * *der; Spruch[e]s, Sprüche1) (WahlSpruch) motto; (SinnSpruch) maxim; adage; (AusSpruch) saying; aphorism; (Zitat) quotation; quote; (Parole) slogan; (BibelSpruch) quotation; sayingdas sind doch alles nur Sprüche — that's just talk or empty words pl.
Sprüche machen od. klopfen — talk big (coll.)
* * *-¨e m.saying n.verdict n. -
11 sentencia
f.1 sentence (law).visto para sentencia ready for judgmentuna sentencia benévola a light sentence2 maxim.pres.indicat.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: sentenciar.imperat.2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: sentenciar.* * *2 (aforismo) proverb, maxim, saying, motto\visto para sentencia ready for sentencingsentencia firme final judgement* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (Jur) sentencedictar o pronunciar sentencia — to pronounce sentence
2) (=decisión) decision, ruling; (=opinión) opinion3) (Literat) maxim, saying4) (Inform) statement* * *1) (Der) sentencedictar or pronunciar sentencia — to pass o pronounce sentence
2) ( máxima) motto, maxim3) (Inf) sentence* * *= dictum [dicta, -pl.], indictment, judgement [judgment], verdict, sentence, judging, conviction.Ex. John Ward's dictum was that 'deprivation is as much a lack of information and the knowledge to use it as it is of the basic essentials'.Ex. Enter indictments as instructed in rule 21.36C1.Ex. Enter a judgement and other judicial decisions of a court in a case under the heading for the court.Ex. A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.Ex. Probation officers are required by magistrate's courts to make sentence recommendations for some offenders.Ex. The first meeting was held on 8 March with the first real judging taking place on 22 March when several tulips were in flower.Ex. In deciding good repute the Department will take account of any convictions and also any other relevant information.----* cumplir una sentencia = serve + sentence.* dictamen de sentencias = sentencing.* dictar sentencia = pronounce + judgement, mete out + sentence, hand down + sentence.* firmar la sentencia de muerte = sound + the death knell for.* firmar una setencia de muerte = sign + a death warrant (for).* impedimento colateral por sentencia = collateral estoppel.* imponer sentencia = mete out + sentence.* pronunciar sentencia = hand down + sentence.* sentencia de muerte = death sentence, death warrant, death knell.* sentencia judicial = sentence.* sentencias = dicta [dictum -sing.].* suspender una sentencia = suspend + sentence.* * *1) (Der) sentencedictar or pronunciar sentencia — to pass o pronounce sentence
2) ( máxima) motto, maxim3) (Inf) sentence* * *= dictum [dicta, -pl.], indictment, judgement [judgment], verdict, sentence, judging, conviction.Ex: John Ward's dictum was that 'deprivation is as much a lack of information and the knowledge to use it as it is of the basic essentials'.
Ex: Enter indictments as instructed in rule 21.36C1.Ex: Enter a judgement and other judicial decisions of a court in a case under the heading for the court.Ex: A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.Ex: Probation officers are required by magistrate's courts to make sentence recommendations for some offenders.Ex: The first meeting was held on 8 March with the first real judging taking place on 22 March when several tulips were in flower.Ex: In deciding good repute the Department will take account of any convictions and also any other relevant information.* cumplir una sentencia = serve + sentence.* dictamen de sentencias = sentencing.* dictar sentencia = pronounce + judgement, mete out + sentence, hand down + sentence.* firmar la sentencia de muerte = sound + the death knell for.* firmar una setencia de muerte = sign + a death warrant (for).* impedimento colateral por sentencia = collateral estoppel.* imponer sentencia = mete out + sentence.* pronunciar sentencia = hand down + sentence.* sentencia de muerte = death sentence, death warrant, death knell.* sentencia judicial = sentence.* sentencias = dicta [dictum -sing.].* suspender una sentencia = suspend + sentence.* * *A ( Der) judgment, rulingdictar or pronunciar sentencia to pass o pronounce sentencevisto para sentencia ready for sentencingestaba dispuesto a acatar la sentencia he was willing to abide by the decision o rulingCompuesto:unappealable judgmentB (máxima) motto, maximC ( Inf) sentence* * *
Del verbo sentenciar: ( conjugate sentenciar)
sentencia es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
sentencia
sentenciar
sentencia sustantivo femenino (Der) judgment, ruling
sentenciar ( conjugate sentenciar) verbo transitivo
to sentence;
sentencia sustantivo femenino
1 (dicho) saying, maxim
2 Jur sentence
dictar sentencia, to pass sentence
sentenciar verbo transitivo
1 Jur to sentence [a, to]
2 (culpar, condenar) to condemn
3 (condenar al fracaso) la falta de público sentenció la representación, the performance was doomed by the lack of audience
' sentencia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
anulación
- cumplir
- decir
- dicha
- dicho
- dictar
- inmutarse
- pronunciar
- sala
- salomónica
- salomónico
- vista
- visto
- anular
- ejecutar
English:
commute
- decree
- judgement
- judgment
- pass
- sentence
- stay
- stiff
- verdict
- death
* * *sentencia nf1. [judicial] sentence;visto para sentencia ready for judgementsentencia absolutoria acquittal;sentencia condenatoria guilty verdict2. [proverbio, máxima] maxim* * *f JUR sentence;visto para sentencia ready for sentencing* * *sentencia nf1) : sentence, judgment2) : maxim, saying* * *sentencia n (del juez) sentence -
12 entscheiden
(unreg.)I v/t1. (Streitfall etc.) decide, determine; endgültig: settle, resolve; Gericht: auch rule ( oder pronounce geh.) on, reach a verdict ( oder finding) on; das musst du entscheiden that’s ( oder it’s) up to you, that’s for you to say; der Fall ist noch nicht entschieden JUR. the case is not settled yet, the case is continuing2. (den Ausschlag geben) decide, settle, be decisive for; damit war die Sache entschieden that settled it ( oder the matter oder the issue); einen Kampf / Wettkampf etc. für sich entscheiden win ( oder emerge the winner in) a fight / competitionII v/i1. (Urteil fällen, bestimmen) decide, rule, make the ( oder a) decision, determine JUR.; Gericht: auch rule; entscheiden über (+ Akk) decide (on) s.th., determine s.th.; in einem Fall / einer Frage entscheiden JUR. rule ( oder find) on a case / issue; zu jemandes Gunsten / Ungunsten entscheiden JUR. rule ( oder find) for ( oder in favour of) / against s.o.; es wurde gegen ihn ( oder zu seinen Ungunsten) entschieden JUR. he lost the case, they ( oder the court) found against him; über den Einsatz von Truppen entscheiden make a decision about sending troops in, decide whether to send troops inIII v/refl1. Person: decide, make up one’s mind; er konnte sich nur schwer entscheiden he found it hard to make up his mind ( oder reach a decision); sich anders entscheiden change one’s mind, have a change of heart; sich für / gegen jemanden / etw. entscheiden decide in favo(u)r of / against s.o. / s.th.; sich für einen Bewerber / eine Alternative entscheiden choose ( oder select, decide on, decide in favo(u)r of, go for umg.) an applicant / alternative; sie haben sich schließlich für den teureren Wagen entschieden in the end they decided to get ( oder they went for oder chose) the more expensive car; sich entscheiden, etw. zu tun decide ( oder choose, opt, make up one’s mind) to do s.th.; wir haben uns entschieden, nicht hinzugehen we(‘ve) decided not to go ( oder against going)2. (sich herausstellen) be decided ( oder resolved, settled), be(come) clear, prove; wann wird es sich entscheiden, ob sie wieder gesund wird? when will they etc. know if she is going to get better?* * *(beschließen) to settle; to clinch; to decide;(ein Urteil fällen) to rule;(schlichten) to arbitrate;sich entscheidento come to a decision; to decide; to make up one's mind; to conclude; to opt* * *ent|schei|den [ɛnt'ʃaidn] pret entschied, [ɛnt'ʃiːt] ptp entschieden1. vt[ɛnt'ʃiːdn] to decideentschéíden Sie, wie es gemacht werden soll! — you decide how it is to be done
das Spiel/die Wahl ist entschieden/schon entschieden — the game/election has been decided/is already decided
den Kampf/Krieg (um etw) für sich entschéíden — to secure victory in the struggle/battle (for sth)
das hat das Spiel zu unseren Gunsten entschieden — that decided the game in our favour (Brit) or favor (US)
See:→ auch entschieden2. vi(über +acc) to decide (on); (JUR AUCH) to rule (on)darüber habe ich nicht zu entschéíden — that is not for me to decide
der Richter hat für/gegen den Kläger entschieden — the judge decided or ruled for/against the plaintiff
3. vr(Mensch) to decide, to make up one's mind, to come to a decision; (Angelegenheit) to be decidedsich für etw entschéíden — to decide in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of sth, to decide on sth
sich für jdn entschéíden — to decide in favour (Brit) or favor (US) of sb
sich gegen jdn/etw entschéíden — to decide against sb/sth
jetzt wird es sich entschéíden, wer der Schnellere ist — now we'll see or settle who is the quicker
* * *1) (as fast, energetically etc as possible: She worked flat out.) flat out2) (to (cause to) make up one's mind: I have decided to retire; What decided you against going?) decide3) (to settle or make the result (of something) etc certain: The last goal decided the match.) decide4) (to decide which is the best in a competition etc: Is she going to judge the singing competition again?; Who will be judging the vegetables at the flower show?; Who is judging at the horse show?) judge5) (to decide officially: The judge ruled that the witness should be heard.) rule* * *ent·schei·den *I. vt1. (beschließen)▪ \entscheiden, dass/ob/was/wann/wie... to decide that/whether/what/when/how...; (gerichtlich) to rule that/whether/what/when/how...2. (endgültig klären)▪ etw \entscheiden to settle sth▪ entschieden sein to be decidednoch ist nichts endgültig entschieden nothing has been finally decided yet3. (gewinnen)die Mannschaft konnte drei Spiele für sich \entscheiden the team secured victory in three gameshier entscheide ich! I make the decisions here!▪ für/gegen jdn/etw \entscheiden to decide in favour [or AM -or] /against sb/sth; (gerichtlich) to rule in favour [or AM -or] /against sb/sthIII. vr1. (eine Entscheidung treffen)ich habe mich dazu entschieden, das Angebot anzunehmen I have decided to accept the offer2. (sich herausstellen)es hat sich noch nicht entschieden, wer die Stelle bekommen wird it hasn't been decided who will get the job* * *1.1) decidesich für/gegen jemanden/etwas entscheiden — decide on or in favour of/against somebody/something
2) (entschieden werden) be decided2.morgen entscheidet es sich, ob... — I/we/you will know tomorrow whether...
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb3.über etwas (Akk.) entscheiden — decide on or settle something
unregelmäßiges transitives Verbder Richter entschied, dass... — the judge decided or ruled that...
* * *entscheiden (irr)A. v/t1. (Streitfall etc) decide, determine; endgültig: settle, resolve; Gericht: auch rule ( oder pronounce geh) on, reach a verdict ( oder finding) on;das musst du entscheiden that’s ( oder it’s) up to you, that’s for you to say;der Fall ist noch nicht entschieden JUR the case is not settled yet, the case is continuing2. (den Ausschlag geben) decide, settle, be decisive for;einen Kampf/Wettkampf etcfür sich entscheiden win ( oder emerge the winner in) a fight/competitionB. v/i1. (Urteil fällen, bestimmen) decide, rule, make the ( oder a) decision, determine JUR; Gericht: auch rule;zu jemandes Gunsten/Ungunsten entscheiden JUR rule ( oder find) for ( oder in favour of)/against sb;über den Einsatz von Truppen entscheiden make a decision about sending troops in, decide whether to send troops inC. v/r1. Person: decide, make up one’s mind;er konnte sich nur schwer entscheiden he found it hard to make up his mind ( oder reach a decision);sich anders entscheiden change one’s mind, have a change of heart;sich für/gegen jemanden/etwas entscheiden decide in favo(u)r of/against sb/sth;sich für einen Bewerber/eine Alternative entscheiden choose ( oder select, decide on, decide in favo(u)r of, go for umg) an applicant/alternative;sie haben sich schließlich für den teureren Wagen entschieden in the end they decided to get ( oder they went for oder chose) the more expensive car;sich entscheiden, etwas zu tun decide ( oder choose, opt, make up one’s mind) to do sth;wir haben uns entschieden, nicht hinzugehen we(’ve) decided not to go ( oder against going)wann wird es sich entscheiden, ob sie wieder gesund wird? when will they etc know if she is going to get better?* * *1.1) decidesich für/gegen jemanden/etwas entscheiden — decide on or in favour of/against somebody/something
2) (entschieden werden) be decided2.morgen entscheidet es sich, ob... — I/we/you will know tomorrow whether...
unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb3.über etwas (Akk.) entscheiden — decide on or settle something
unregelmäßiges transitives Verb1) (bestimmen) decide on < dispute>der Richter entschied, dass... — the judge decided or ruled that...
2) (den Ausschlag geben für) decide <outcome, result>* * *(über) v.to decide (on) v. v.to adjudicate v.to bring to an issue expr.to clinch v.to conclude v.to decide v.to determine v. -
13 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
14 schuldig
I Adj.1. guilty (+ Gen of); jemanden für schuldig befinden JUR. find s.o. guilty ( eines Verbrechens of a crime); jemanden schuldig sprechen pronounce s.o. guilty; das Gericht erkannte auf schuldig the court brought in a verdict of guilty; sich schuldig bekennen plead guilty (etw. getan zu haben to doing s.th.); sich schuldig machen (+ Gen) geh. be guilty of; der schuldige Teil Schuldige; schuldig werden (Schuld auf sich laden) incur guilt2. (verantwortlich) responsible ( oder to blame) (an + Dat for); sie war an dem Unfall nicht schuldig she was not responsible for the accident3. ( jemandem) etw. schuldig sein owe (s.o.) s.th. auch fig.; was bin ich ( Ihnen) schuldig? how much do I owe you?; ich muss dir das Geld schuldig bleiben I’ll have to owe you the money; das bist du ihm schuldig you owe it to him; das ist man ihm schuldig that’s only his due; das bist du dir schuldig you owe it to yourself; ich bin Ihnen Dank schuldig I owe you a debt of gratitude; jemandem ( keine) Rechenschaft schuldig sein (not) have to answer to s.o. for one’s actions, (not) be answerable to s.o.; den Beweis ist sie uns noch schuldig she has yet to give us any proof; das sind Sie Ihrer Stellung in der Firma schuldig your position in the firm requires it of you; ( jemandem) die Antwort schuldig bleiben give (s.o.) no answer; ( jemandem) die Antwort nicht schuldig bleiben hit back (at s.o.); Sie sind mir noch eine Antwort schuldig I’m still waiting for an answer; sie blieb ihm nichts schuldig she paid him back in his own coin4. (gebührend) jemandem die schuldige Achtung oder den schuldigen Respekt erweisen show s.o. the respect due to himII Adv. guiltily; schuldig geschieden divorced as the guilty party; ich fühle mich schuldig I feel I’m to blame* * *guilty* * *schụl|dig ['ʃʊldɪç]1. adjan +dat for); (REL) sinful(für) schuldig erklären or befinden (Jur) — to find sb guilty of or to convict sb of an offence (Brit) or offense (US)
jdn schuldig sprechen — to find or pronounce sb guilty, to convict sb
sich schuldig bekennen — to admit one's guilt; (Jur) to plead guilty
an jdm schuldig werden (geh) — to wrong sb
2) (geh = gebührend) duejdm die schuldige Achtung/den schuldigen Respekt zollen — to give sb the attention/respect due to him/her
3)sie blieb mir die Antwort schuldig — she didn't answer me, she didn't have an answer
2. advschuldig geschieden sein — to be the guilty party in a/the divorce
* * *1) (having, feeling, or causing guilt: The jury found the prisoner guilty; a guilty conscience.) guilty2) (wrong or to blame: She was at fault.) at fault* * *schul·dig[ˈʃʊldɪç]1. (verantwortlich) to blame2. JUR guilty\schuldig geschieden sein/werden to be/become the guilty party in a divorcejdn \schuldig sprechen JUR to find sb guiltyjdm die ihm \schuldige Anerkennung geben to give sb his/her due recognition▪ jdm etw \schuldig sein to owe sb sth▪ jdm/etw etw \schuldig sein to owe sb/sth sth6.▶ jdm nichts \schuldig bleiben to give [sb] as good as one gets* * *1) guiltyjemanden schuldig sprechen od. für schuldig erklären — find somebody guilty
auf schuldig plädieren — < public prosecutor> ask for a verdict of guilty
der [an dem Unfall] schuldige Autofahrer — the driver to blame or responsible [for the accident]
2)jemandem etwas schuldig sein/bleiben — owe somebody something
was bin ich Ihnen schuldig? — what or how much do I owe you?
3) nicht präd. (gebührend) due; proper* * *A. adj1. guilty (+gen of);jemanden für schuldig befinden JUR find sb guilty (eines Verbrechens of a crime);jemanden schuldig sprechen pronounce sb guilty;das Gericht erkannte auf schuldig the court brought in a verdict of guilty;sich schuldig bekennen plead guilty (etwas getan zu haben to doing sth);sich schuldig machen (+gen) geh be guilty of;schuldig werden (Schuld auf sich laden) incur guiltan +dat for);sie war an dem Unfall nicht schuldig she was not responsible for the accident3.(jemandem) etwas schuldig sein owe (sb) sth auch fig;was bin ich (Ihnen) schuldig? how much do I owe you?;ich muss dir das Geld schuldig bleiben I’ll have to owe you the money;das bist du ihm schuldig you owe it to him;das ist man ihm schuldig that’s only his due;das bist du dir schuldig you owe it to yourself;ich bin Ihnen Dank schuldig I owe you a debt of gratitude;jemandem (keine) Rechenschaft schuldig sein (not) have to answer to sb for one’s actions, (not) be answerable to sb;den Beweis ist sie uns noch schuldig she has yet to give us any proof;das sind Sie Ihrer Stellung in der Firma schuldig your position in the firm requires it of you;(jemandem) die Antwort schuldig bleiben give (sb) no answer;(jemandem) die Antwort nicht schuldig bleiben hit back (at sb);Sie sind mir noch eine Antwort schuldig I’m still waiting for an answer;sie blieb ihm nichts schuldig she paid him back in his own coin4. (gebührend)den schuldigen Respekt erweisen show sb the respect due to himB. adv guiltily;schuldig geschieden divorced as the guilty party;ich fühle mich schuldig I feel I’m to blame* * *1) guiltyjemanden schuldig sprechen od. für schuldig erklären — find somebody guilty
auf schuldig plädieren — < public prosecutor> ask for a verdict of guilty
der [an dem Unfall] schuldige Autofahrer — the driver to blame or responsible [for the accident]
2)jemandem etwas schuldig sein/bleiben — owe somebody something
was bin ich Ihnen schuldig? — what or how much do I owe you?
3) nicht präd. (gebührend) due; proper* * *adj.blamable adj.due adj.guilty adj. adv.blamably adv.guiltily adv. -
15 pronunciamiento
m.1 (military) coup (blow).2 pronouncement (law).3 pronouncing, pronunciation.* * *1 MILITAR uprising2 DERECHO pronouncement* * *SM military revolt, military uprising* * *masculino rebellion, military uprising* * *= verdict.Ex. A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.----* pronunciamientos de expertos = punditry.* * *masculino rebellion, military uprising* * *= verdict.Ex: A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.
* pronunciamientos de expertos = punditry.* * *1 (de un juez) pronouncementlo declararon inocente, con todos los pronunciamientos favorables he was declared o pronounced innocent on all counts2 ( Mil) rebellion, military uprising* * *
pronunciamiento sustantivo masculino
rebellion, military uprising
' pronunciamiento' also found in these entries:
English:
declaration
* * *1. [golpe] (military) coup2. Der pronouncement3. RP [anuncio, declaración] statement* * *m2 ( rebelión) military uprising -
16 resolución
f.1 resolution, firmness, decision, intention.2 resolution, decision, dictum.3 annulment, cancellation.4 resolution, disambiguation.* * *1 (decisión) resolution, decision; (determinación) determination, resolve\tomar una resolución to decideresolución fatal death wishresolución judicial court decision* * *noun f.1) resolution2) resolve3) decision* * *SF1) (=decisión) decision2) [de problema] (=acción) solving; (=respuesta) solution3) [de conflicto] resolution4) (Jur)5) (=determinación) resolve, determination6) frm (=resumen)en resolución — in a word, in short, to sum up
7) (Inform)8) Cono Sur (=terminación) finishing, completion* * *1) ( de problema) solution; ( de conflicto) settlement, resolution2) ( decisión) decision3) ( determinación) determination, resolve* * *= determination, purposefulness, resolution, resolution, resolution, single-mindedness, dpi (dots per inch), verdict, judging.Ex. Instead of fighting words with a dogged determination, he got to like them.Ex. The philosophical, brooding Hippopotamians have suffered many attacks by the neighbouring Crocs who are well known for their purposefulness and efficiency.Ex. Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.Ex. I was one of the cosigners of a resolution which tried to have the ISBD repealed.Ex. For example, when operating with colour and high resolution graphics, a microcomputer might possibly need 20K of storage.Ex. But first we must create the conditions for single-mindedness and hence the release of our energies (one senses much pent-up energy mixed up with our professional frustrations).Ex. High quality (400 dpi) TIFF files were stored on archival tape, and JPEG thumbnails and full-size images placed on server to be accessed by CGI script.Ex. A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.Ex. The first meeting was held on 8 March with the first real judging taking place on 22 March when several tulips were in flower.----* alta resolución = high resolution.* baja resolución = low resolution.* caminar con resolución = march.* con resolución = resolutely.* falta de resolución = procrastination.* orientado hacia la resolución de problemas = problem-orientated, problem-oriented.* resolución anafórica = anaphoric resolution.* resolución de conflictos = conflict resolution, peacemaking [peace-making].* resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.* resolución de la ambigüedad entre términos = term disambiguation, word sense disambiguation.* resolución de problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].* * *1) ( de problema) solution; ( de conflicto) settlement, resolution2) ( decisión) decision3) ( determinación) determination, resolve* * *= determination, purposefulness, resolution, resolution, resolution, single-mindedness, dpi (dots per inch), verdict, judging.Ex: Instead of fighting words with a dogged determination, he got to like them.
Ex: The philosophical, brooding Hippopotamians have suffered many attacks by the neighbouring Crocs who are well known for their purposefulness and efficiency.Ex: Unfortunately, these factors simultaneously make the resolution of the situation more intractable.Ex: I was one of the cosigners of a resolution which tried to have the ISBD repealed.Ex: For example, when operating with colour and high resolution graphics, a microcomputer might possibly need 20K of storage.Ex: But first we must create the conditions for single-mindedness and hence the release of our energies (one senses much pent-up energy mixed up with our professional frustrations).Ex: High quality (400 dpi) TIFF files were stored on archival tape, and JPEG thumbnails and full-size images placed on server to be accessed by CGI script.Ex: A verdict of the Department of Education and Science has stated that librarians in future will have to be graduates only.Ex: The first meeting was held on 8 March with the first real judging taking place on 22 March when several tulips were in flower.* alta resolución = high resolution.* baja resolución = low resolution.* caminar con resolución = march.* con resolución = resolutely.* falta de resolución = procrastination.* orientado hacia la resolución de problemas = problem-orientated, problem-oriented.* resolución anafórica = anaphoric resolution.* resolución de conflictos = conflict resolution, peacemaking [peace-making].* resolución de disputas = dispute settlement.* resolución de la ambigüedad entre términos = term disambiguation, word sense disambiguation.* resolución de problemas = problem solving [problem-solving].* * *A (de un problema) solution; (de un conflicto) settlement, resolutionB (decisión) decisiontomaron or adoptaron la resolución de cerrar el hospital they decided to close the hospitalC (de un contrato) terminationD1 (determinación) determination, resolve2 (cualidad de decisivo) decisiveness* * *
resolución sustantivo femenino
1 ( de problema) solution;
( de conflicto) settlement, resolution
2 ( decisión) decision;
tomaron la resolución de emigrar they decided to emigrate
3 ( determinación) determination, resolve
resolución sustantivo femenino
1 (determinación, decisión) resolution: tomó la resolución de marcharse de casa, he decided to leave home
2 (de un problema, acertijo, etc) solution
' resolución' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
empuje
- arbitraje
English:
decision
- determination
- resolution
- resolve
- single-mindedness
- steadfastness
- strong-mindedness
- ruling
- settlement
- unsettled
* * *resolución nf1. [solución] [de una crisis] resolution;[de un crimen] solution Informát resolución de problemas troubleshooting2. [firmeza] determination, resolve3. [decisión] decision;[de tribunal] ruling; [de Naciones Unidas] resolution;tomar una resolución to take a decision* * *f1 actitud determination, decisiveness3 JUR ruling4 ( decisión):tomar una resolución make o take a decision5 TÉC:de alta resolución high resolution6:en resolución to sum up* * *resolución nf, pl - ciones1) : resolution, settlement2) : decision3) : determination, resolve* * *resolución n determination / resolution -
17 befinden
(unreg.)I v/refl1. konkret: be; förm. Gebäude etc.: auch be located; neben der Kirche befand sich ein Gasthaus next to the church was a restaurant; er befindet sich im Ausland / auf Reisen he’s abroad / he’s away (travel[l]ing); das Bild befindet sich im Nationalmuseum the painting is (to be found) in the National Museum2. in einem Zustand: sich im Irrtum befinden be mistaken; die ganze Familie befand sich in heller Aufregung the whole family was in a state of great excitement; die beiden Länder befinden sich im Kriegszustand the two countries are at war with each other; sich in gutem Zustand befinden be in good shape ( oder condition); du befindest dich da in guten Händen you’re in good hands there3. geh., förm. (sich fühlen) be, feel; sich wohl befinden be ( oder feel) fine; wie befindet er sich? how is he?II v/t geh. (beurteilen, erachten) consider; förm: judge; etw. für gut / richtig etc. befinden consider ( oder judge) s.th. to be good / right etc.; jemanden für tauglich / unzuverlässig befinden consider ( oder judge) s.o. to be suitable / unreliable; schuldig I 1III v/i1. (entscheiden) decide ( über + Akk on); ich habe darüber nicht zu befinden that’s not for me to decide2. (urteilen, äußern) conclude, judge; Tod durch Erfrieren, befand der Arzt death from exposure was the doctor’s verdict* * *das Befindenhealth; state of health* * *Be|fịn|den [bɐ'fɪndn]nt -s,no plseelisches Befinden — mental state or condition
2) (geh = das Dafürhalten) view, opinionnach meinem Befinden —
nach eigenem Befinden entscheiden — to decide according to one's own judgement
* * *Be·fin·den<-s>seelisches \Befinden mental stateer hat sich nach deinem \Befinden erkundigt he asked how you were2. (geh) opinion, viewnach jds \Befinden in sb's opinion [or view]etw nach eigenem \Befinden entscheiden to use one's own judgement in deciding sth* * *das; Befindens health; (eines Patienten) conditionsich nach jemandes Befinden erkundigen — enquire after or about somebody's health
* * *befinden (irr)A. v/rneben der Kirche befand sich ein Gasthaus next to the church was a restaurant;er befindet sich im Ausland/auf Reisen he’s abroad/he’s away (travel[l]ing);das Bild befindet sich im Nationalmuseum the painting is (to be found) in the National Museum2. in einem Zustand:sich im Irrtum befinden be mistaken;die ganze Familie befand sich in heller Aufregung the whole family was in a state of great excitement;die beiden Länder befinden sich im Kriegszustand the two countries are at war with each other;sich in gutem Zustand befinden be in good shape ( oder condition);du befindest dich da in guten Händen you’re in good hands there3. geh, form (sich fühlen) be, feel;sich wohl befinden be ( oder feel) fine;wie befindet er sich? how is he?etwas für gut/richtig etcjemanden für tauglich/unzuverlässig befinden consider ( oder judge) sb to be suitable/unreliable; → schuldig A 1C. v/i1. (entscheiden) decide (über +akk on);ich habe darüber nicht zu befinden that’s not for me to decideTod durch Erfrieren, befand der Arzt death from exposure was the doctor’s verdict* * *das; Befindens health; (eines Patienten) conditionsich nach jemandes Befinden erkundigen — enquire after or about somebody's health
* * *n.opinion (state of health) n. -
18 tomber
tomber [tɔ̃be]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 1━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Lorsque tomber fait partie d'une locution comme tomber amoureux, tomber de sommeil, reportez-vous aussi à l'autre mot.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <• attention ! tu vas tomber careful! you'll fall• il est tombé sur la tête ! (inf) he must be mad!► faire tomber to knock down ; (en renversant) to knock over ; (en lâchant) to drop ; [+ température, prix] to bring downb. [neige, pluie] to fall ; [brouillard] to come downc. ( = baisser) to drop ; [jour] to draw to a close ; [prix, nombre] to fall ; [colère] to die down ; [assurance, enthousiasme] to fall away• le dollar est tombé à 2 € the dollar has fallen to 2 eurosd. ( = disparaître) [obstacle, objection] to disappear ; [record] to falle. ( = pendre) to hangf. ( = échoir) [date, choix, sort] to fall ; [verdict, sanction] to be pronouncedg. ( = arriver, se produire) il est tombé en pleine réunion he walked straight into a meeting• il est vraiment bien/mal tombé avec son nouveau patron he's really lucky/unlucky with his new bossh. ( = être arrêté) (inf!) to get busted (inf!)i. (locutions)• son œuvre est tombée dans l'oubli his work fell into oblivion► tomber sur ( = rencontrer par hasard) to run into ; ( = trouver par hasard) to come across ; ( = critiquer) (inf) to go for (inf)• en prenant cette rue, vous tombez sur la gare if you go along this street, you'll find the station• et il a fallu que ça tombe sur moi ! it just had to be me!2. <b. ( = séduire) (inf)c. ( = retirer) (inf)* * *
I
1. tɔ̃beverbe transitif (+ v avoir) Sport to throw [lutteur]; fig to beat [équipe]
2.
verbe intransitif (+ v être)1) ( faire une chute) gén to fall; ( de sa propre hauteur) [personne, chaise] to fall over; [animal] to fall; [arbre, mur] to fall down; (d'une hauteur, d'un support) [personne, vase] to fall off; [fruits, feuilles, bombe] to fall; [cheveux, dents] to fall out; [plâtre, revêtement] to come off2) ( venir d'en haut) [pluie, neige, foudre] to fall; [brouillard] to come down; [rayon, clarté] to fall; [rideau de théâtre] to fall, to dropqu' est-ce que ça tombe! — (colloq)
ça tombe dru! — (colloq) ( pluie) it's pouring down!
3) (faiblir, baisser) [valeur, prix, température] to fall; [ardeur, colère] to subside; [fièvre] to come down; [vent] to drop; [jour] to draw to a close; [conversation] to die downfaire tomber — to bring down [prix, température]; to dampen [enthousiasme]
il est tombé bien bas — ( affectivement) he's in very low spirits; ( moralement) he has sunk very low
4) (être vaincu, renversé) [dictateur, régime, ville] to fall; ( disparaître) [obstacle, objection] to vanish; [opposition] to subside; [préjugé] to die outle roi est tombé — ( aux cartes) the king has been played
faire tomber — to bring down [régime, dictateur]; to break down [barrières]
5) ( s'affaisser) [poitrine] to sag; [épaules] to slope6) ( pendre) [chevelure, mèche] to falltomber bien/mal — [vêtement, rideau] to hang well/badly
7) (se retrouver, se placer)tomber sous le coup d'une loi — Droit to fall within the provisions of a law
8) ( devenir) to falltomber malade/amoureux — to fall ill/in love
9) ( être donné) [décision] to be announced; [nouvelle] to break; [réponse] to be giventomber sur les écrans — [nouvelle] to come through on screen
10) ( rencontrer)tomber sur — gén to come across [inconnu, détail, objet]; to run into [ami]; ( recevoir en partage) to get; ( avoir de la chance dans ses recherches)
si tu prends cette rue, tu tomberas sur la place — if you follow that street, you'll come to the square
11) ( survenir) gén to cometu ne pouvais pas mieux tomber! — ( au bon moment) you couldn't have come at a better time!; ( avoir de la chance) you couldn't have done better!
tu tombes bien/mal, j'allais partir — you're lucky/unlucky, I was just about to leave
il faut toujours que ça tombe sur moi or que ça me tombe dessus! — (colloq) (décision, choix) why does it always have to be me?; ( mésaventure) why does it always have to happen to me?
tomber au milieu d'une or en pleine réunion — [personne] to walk right into a meeting; [annonce, nouvelle] to come right in the middle of a meeting
12) ( coïncider) [date] to fall on [jour, quantième]13) ( abandonner)laisser tomber — to give up [emploi, activité]; to drop [sujet, projet, habitude]
laisse tomber! — (désintérêt, désabusement) forget it!; ( irritation) give it a rest! (colloq)
laisser tomber quelqu'un — ( pour se séparer) to drop somebody; ( pour ne plus aider) to let somebody down
14) ( agresser)tomber sur quelqu'un — ( physiquement) [soldats, voyous] to fall on somebody, to lay into somebody (colloq); [pillards, police] to descend on somebody; ( critiquer) to go for somebody, to lay into somebody (colloq)
15) ( mourir) euph to die
II tɔ̃benom masculin (de vêtement, tissu) hang [U]* * *tɔ̃be1. vi1) (par terre, d'un mur) to fallAttention, tu vas tomber! — Be careful, you'll fall!
tomber à l'eau — to fall in the water, fig, [projet] to fall through
Il tombe de sommeil. — He's asleep on his feet.
tomber enceinte — to get pregnant, to fall pregnant
3) (= survenir)tomber juste [opération, calcul] — to come out right
4)laisser tomber (= lâcher) — to drop
Elle a laissé tomber son stylo. — She dropped her pen., (= renoncer à) to give up
Il a laissé tomber le piano. — He gave up the piano., (= faire faux bond à) to let down
Il ne laisse jamais tomber ses amis. — He never lets his friends down.
Laisse tomber, il n'acceptera jamais. — Drop it, he'll never agree.
5)tomber sur [difficulté] — to come across
tomber sur quelqu'un [ami, connaissance] — to bump into someone
Je suis tombé sur lui en sortant de chez Pierre. — I bumped into him coming out of Pierre's place., (= attaquer) [personne] to set about
2. vt* * *tomber verb table: aimerB vtr (+ v avoir)C vi (+ v être)1 ( faire une chute) gén to fall; ( de sa propre hauteur) [personne, chaise] to fall over; [animal] to fall; [arbre, mur] to fall down; (d'une hauteur, d'un support) [personne, vase] to fall off; [fruits, feuilles, bombe] to fall; [cheveux, dents] to fall out; [plâtre, revêtement] to come off; je me suis cassé un bras/j'ai cassé un vase en tombant I fell and broke my arm/a vase; tomber à la mer/dans une rivière to fall into the sea/into a river; tomber dans un trou to fall down a hole; tomber sur to fall on [tapis, maison, tête]; tomber sur le derrière○ or cul◑ to land on one's backside; tomber d'un toit/de cheval to fall off a roof/off a horse; tomber d'un arbre [personne] to fall from a tree; [fruit, feuille] to fall off a tree; tomber du lit/de ma poche to fall out of bed/out of my pocket; l'assiette m'est tombée des mains the plate fell out of my hands; ces lunettes me tombent du nez these glasses are slipping off my nose; attention, tu vas me faire tomber! be careful, you'll make me fall!; j'ai fait tomber un vase I knocked a vase over; j'ai fait tomber le vase de l'étagère I knocked the vase off the shelf; il a fait tomber son adversaire ( au rugby) he brought his opponent down; le vent a fait tomber une tuile du toit/un arbre sur les voitures the wind blew a tile off the roof/a tree down onto the cars; se laisser tomber dans un fauteuil/sur un lit to flop into an armchair/onto a bed; laisser tomber un gâteau sur le tapis to drop a cake on the carpet; le skieur s'est laissé tomber pour s'arrêter the skier dropped to the ground to stop himself;2 ( venir d'en haut) [pluie, neige, foudre] to fall; [brouillard] to come down; [rayon, clarté] to fall (sur onto); [rideau de théâtre] to fall, to drop; un rayon de lumière tombait sur mon livre a ray of light fell onto my book; il est tombé 200 mm d'eau or de pluie pendant la nuit 200 mm of rain fell during the night; il tombe des gouttes it's spotting with rain; qu'est-ce que ça tombe○!, ça tombe dru○! ( pluie) it's pouring down!, it's coming down in buckets○!; la pluie n'a pas cessé de tomber pendant tout le voyage it rained steadily throughout the journey; la foudre est tombée sur un arbre the lightning struck a tree; une faible lueur tombait de la lucarne there was a dim light coming through the skylight; une pâle clarté tombait de la lune the moon cast a pale light;3 (faiblir, baisser) [valeur, prix, température] to fall (de by; à to); [ardeur, colère] to subside; [fièvre] to come down; [vent] to drop; [jour] to draw to a close; [conversation] to die down; le dollar est tombé au-dessous de 0.90 euro the dollar has fallen to below 0.90 euro; la température est tombée à/de 10°C the temperature has fallen to/by 10°C; leur personnel est tombé à 200 employés their staff is down to 200 employees; faire tomber to bring down [prix, température]; to dampen [enthousiasme]; il est tombé bien bas ( affectivement) he's in very low spirits; ( moralement) he has sunk very low; il est tombé bien bas dans mon estime he has gone right down in my esteem ou estimation; je tombe de sommeil I can't keep my eyes open;4 (être vaincu, renversé) [dictateur, régime, ville] to fall; ( disparaître) [obstacle, objection] to vanish; [opposition] to subside; [préjugé] to die out; le roi est tombé ( aux cartes) the king has been played; faire tomber to bring down [régime, dictateur]; to remove [obstacle]; to eradicate [tabou]; faire tomber les barrières fig to break down barriers;5 ( s'affaisser) [poitrine] to sag; [épaules] to slope; avoir les épaules qui tombent to have sloping shoulders; ⇒ bras;6 ( pendre) [chevelure, mèche] to fall; [vêtement, rideau] to hang; cheveux qui tombent sur les yeux hair that falls over one's eyes; manteau qui tombe bien/mal coat that hangs well/badly; sa jupe lui tombe (jusqu')aux chevilles her skirt comes down to her ankles;7 (se retrouver, se placer) tomber dans un piège lit, fig to fall into a trap; tomber en disgrâce/ruine to fall into disgrace/ruin; tomber dans la vulgarité/sensiblerie to lapse into vulgarity/sentimentality; vous tombez dans le paradoxe you are being paradoxical; tomber sous le charme de qn to fall under sb's spell; tomber sous le coup d'une loi Jur to fall within the provisions of a law; tomber aux mains or entre les mains de qn [document, pouvoir] to fall into sb's hands; la conversation est tombée sur la politique the conversation came around to politics; ⇒ Charybde, sens;8 ( devenir) to fall; tomber malade/amoureux to fall ill/in love;9 ( être donné) [décision, sentence, verdict] to be announced; [nouvelle] to break; [réponse] to be given; tomber sur les écrans [nouvelle] to come through on screen; la nouvelle nous tombe à l'instant Radio, TV the news has just come through to us; dès que le journal tombe des presses as soon as the newspaper comes off the press; les paroles qu'il a laissé tomber de sa bouche the words that fell from his lips; ⇒ sourd;10 ( rencontrer) tomber sur gén to come across [inconnu, détail, objet]; to run into [ami, connaissance]; ( recevoir en partage) to get; ( avoir de la chance dans ses recherches) tomber sur la bonne page/le bon numéro to hit on the right page/the right number; je suis tombé sur un sujet difficile/un examinateur sévère à l'examen I got a difficult question/a harsh examiner in the exam; je suis tombé par hasard sur ce que je cherchais I found what I was looking for by chance ; mes yeux sont tombés sur une jolie femme/une expression amusante my eyes fell on a pretty woman/a funny expression; si tu prends cette rue, tu tomberas sur la place if you follow that street, you'll come to the square;11 ( survenir) gén to come; c'est tombé juste au bon moment/comme il fallait it came just at the right time/when it was needed; cette réforme ne pouvait pas mieux/plus mal tomber this reform couldn't have come at a better/worse time; tu ne pouvais pas mieux tomber! ( au bon moment) you couldn't have come at a better time!; ( avoir de la chance) you couldn't have done better!; tu tombes bien/mal, j'allais partir you're lucky/unlucky ou you've timed that well/badly, I was just about to leave; ça tombe bien/mal, j'avais justement besoin de ce livre that's good/bad luck, I just needed that book; il faut toujours que ça tombe sur moi or que ça me tombe dessus○! [décision, choix] why does it always have to be me?; [mésaventure] why does it always have to happen to me?; tomber au milieu d'une or en pleine réunion [personne] to walk right into a meeting; [annonce, nouvelle] to come right in the middle of a meeting;12 ( coïncider) [date, anniversaire, fête] to fall on [jour, quantième]; ça tombe un mercredi/le 17 avril it falls on a Wednesday/on 17 April;13 ( abandonner) laisser tomber to give up [emploi, activité]; to drop [sujet, projet, habitude]; il a fallu laisser tomber I/we etc had to give up; laisse tomber! (désintérêt, désabusement) forget it!; ( irritation) give it a rest○!; laisser tomber qn ( pour se séparer) to drop sb; ( pour ne plus aider) to let sb down; il a laissé tomber sa petite amie he dropped his girlfriend; ne me laisse pas tomber! don't let me down!; ⇒ chaussette;14 ( agresser) tomber sur qn ( physiquement) [soldats, voyous] to fall on sb, to lay○ into sb; [pillards, police] to descend on sb; ( critiquer) to go for sb, to lay○ into sb; ils nous sont tombés dessus à dix contre un they fell on us, ten to one; il s'est fait tomber dessus par des voleurs/un chien he was set on by robbers/attacked by a dog;15 ( mourir) euph [soldat] to fall euph; tomber sous le feu de l'ennemi to fall under enemy fire; tomber pour qch to die for sth; ⇒ champ.en tomber sur le derrière○ or cul◑ to be flabbergasted○.I[tɔ̃be] nom masculinau tomber du jour ou de la nuit at nightfall ou duskII[tɔ̃be] verbe intransitif (auxiliaire être)A.[CHANGER DE NIVEAU - SENS PROPRE ET FIGURÉ][avion, bombe, projectile] to falltomber par terre to fall on the floor, to fall downtomber dans un fauteuil to fall ou to collapse into an armchairne monte pas à l'échelle, tu vas tomber don't go up the ladder, you'll fall offtomber de cheval to fall off ou from a horsetomber d'un arbre to fall out of a tree ou from a treea. [en lui faisant un croche-pied] to trip somebody upb. [en le bousculant] to knock ou to push somebody overa. [en poussant] to push something overb. [en renversant] to knock something overc. [en lâchant] to drop somethingd. [en donnant un coup de pied] to kick something over3. [se détacher - feuille, pétale, fruit] to fall ou to drop off ; [ - cheveu, dent] to fall ou to come outla robe tombe bien sur toi the dress hangs well ou nicely on you5. [s'abattre, descendre - rayon de soleil, radiations, nuit] to fall ; [ - brouillard, gifle, coup] to come downla neige/pluie tombait it was snowing/rainingune goutte est tombée dans mon cou a drop trickled ou rolled down my neckil tombe de grosses gouttes/gros flocons big drops/flakes are fallingtoi, tu as ta paie qui tombe tous les mois (familier) you have a regular salary coming in (every month)il lui tombe au moins 3 000 euros par mois (familier) he has at least 3,000 euros coming in every montha. [il va pleuvoir] it's going to pour (with rain)!b. [il va y avoir des coups] you're/we're etc. going to get it!6. [déboucher]là où la rue Daneau tombe dans le boulevard Lamain at the point where Rue Daneau joins ou meets Boulevard Lamaincontinuez tout droit et vous tomberez sur le marché keep going straight on and you'll come to the market7. [diminuer - prix, température, voix, ton] to fall, to drop ; [ - fréquentation] to drop (off) ; [ - fièvre] to come down, to drop ; [ - colère] to die down, to subside ; [ - inquiétude] to melt away, to vanish ; [ - enthousiasme, agitation, intérêt] to fall ou to fade away, to subside ; [ - tempête] to subside, to abate, to die away ; [ - vent] to drop, to fall, to die down ; [ - jour] to draw to a closela température est tombée de 10 degrés the temperature has dropped ou fallen (by) 10 degreessa cote de popularité est tombée très bas/à 28 % his popularity rating has plummeted/has dropped to 28%faire tomber la fièvre to bring down ou to reduce somebody's temperaturesa joie tomba brusquement his happiness suddenly vanished ou evaporated9. [s'effondrer - cité] to fall ; [ - dictature, gouvernement, empire] to fall, to be brought down, to be toppled ; [ - record] to be broken ; [ - concurrent] to go out, to be defeated ; [ - plan, projet] to fall throughles candidats de droite sont tombés au premier tour the right-wing candidates were eliminated in the first rounda. [cité] to bring downb. [gouvernement] to bring down, to topplec. [record] to breakd. [concurrent] to defeat10. [devenir]tomber malade to become ou to fall illtomber (raide) mort to drop dead, to fall down dead11. JEUX [carte]B.[SE PRODUIRE, ARRIVER]1. [événement] to fall ou to be onmon anniversaire tombe un dimanche my birthday is ou falls on a Sundaytomber juste [calcul] to work out exactlyton bureau l'intéresse — ça tombe bien, je voulais m'en débarrasser he's interested in your desk — that's good, I wanted to get rid of itmal tomber to come at the wrong moment ou at a bad timele mardi tombe assez mal pour moi Tuesday's not a good day ou very convenient for me[personne]on est tombés en plein pendant la grève des trains we got there right in the middle of the rail striketomber juste [deviner] to guess righta. [opportunément] to turn up at the right momentb. [avoir de la chance] to be lucky ou in luckah, vous tombez bien, je voulais justement vous parler ah, you've come just at the right moment, I wanted to speak to youil est excellent, ce melon, je suis bien tombé this melon's excellent, I was luckya. [inopportunément] to turn up at the wrong momentb. [ne pas avoir de chance] to be unlucky ou out of lucktu tombes à point! you've timed it perfectly!, perfect timing!2. [nouvelles] to be ou to come outles dernières nouvelles qui viennent de tomber font état de 143 victimes news just out ou released puts the number of victims at 143à 20 h, la nouvelle est tombée the news came through at 8 p.m————————[tɔ̃be] verbe transitif (auxiliaire avoir)1. [triompher de - candidat, challenger] to defeat2. (familier) [séduire] to seduce3. (familier & locution)————————tomber dans verbe plus préposition[se laisser aller à - découragement, désespoir] to sink ou to lapse into (inseparable)————————tomber en verbe plus prépositiontomber en lambeaux to fall to bits ou pieces————————tomber sur verbe plus préposition1. [trouver par hasard - personne] to come across, to run ou to bump into, to meet up with (US) ; [ - objet perdu, trouvaille] to come across ou upon, to stumble across2. [avoir affaire à - examinateur, sujet d'examen] to getquand j'ai téléphoné, je suis tombé sur sa mère/un répondeur when I phoned, it was her mother who answered (me)/I got an answering machineil tombe sur les nouveaux pour la moindre erreur he comes down on the newcomers (like a ton of bricks) if they make the slightest mistake4. [se porter sur - regard, soupçon] to fall on ; [ - conversation] to turn to -
19 ajustar
v.1 to fit (encajar) (piezas de motor).2 to adjust.Silvia ajustó el plan adecuadamente Silvia adjusted the plan adequately.Silvia ajustó las tuercas de la caldera Silvia adjusted the boiler nuts.3 to tighten.ajusta bien la tapa screw the lid on tight4 to arrange (pactar) (matrimonio).5 to fit properly, to be a good fit (venir justo).la ventana no ajusta bien the window won't close properly6 to control, to set.Mario ajustó la temperatura Mario controlled the temperature.7 to hire.* * *1 (adaptar) to adjust, regulate2 (apretar) to tighten3 (encajar) to fit, fit tight4 (acordar) to fix, agree on, set1 to fit1 (ceñirse) to fit2 (ponerse de acuerdo) to come to an agreement; (estar de acuerdo) to agree with, fit in with\ajustarse el cinturón to tighten one's belt* * *verb1) to adjust2) fit, tighten•* * *1. VT1) (Téc)a) [+ pieza, grifo] [colocando] to fit; [apretando] to tighten¿cómo se ajusta la baca al vehículo? — how does the roof rack fit onto the vehicle?
b) (=regular) [+ volumen, temperatura] to adjust, regulate; [+ asiento, retrovisor] to adjust; [+ cinturón] to tighten2) (=pactar) [+ acuerdo, trato] to reach; [+ boda] to arrange; [+ precio] to agree onya hemos ajustado el presupuesto con los albañiles — we have already agreed on the price with the builders
el precio ha quedado ajustado en 500 euros — the price has been fixed o set at 500 euros
•
ajustar cuentas con algn — (lit) to settle accounts with sb; (fig) to settle one's scores with sb3) (=adaptar) to adjust (a to)4) euf (=reducir)este año hemos tenido que ajustar drásticamente el presupuesto — this year we have had to sharply reduce our budget
5) (Cos) [+ cintura, manga] to take in6) (Tip) to compose7) † [+ criado] to hire, engage2. VI1) (=encajar) to fitrellena con masilla los empalmes que no ajusten — fill the joints that don't fit together with putty
2) Ven (=agudizarse) to get worsepor el camino ajustó el aguacero — on the way, there was a sudden downpour
3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( apretar) to tighten (up)b) ( regular) to adjustc) <retrovisor/asiento/cinturón de seguridad> to adjust2) ( en costura) to take in3)a) <gastos/horarios>b) <sueldo/jubilación> to adjust4) <precio/alquiler/sueldo> to fix, set5) < cuentas> ( sacar el resultado de) to balance; ( saldar) to settle2.ajustar vi to fit3.ajustarse v pron1) (refl) < cinturón de seguridad> to adjust2) piezas to fit3) (ceñirse, atenerse)ajustarse a algo: su declaración no se ajusta a la verdad his statement is not strictly true; deberá ajustarse a estas condiciones it will have to comply with these conditions; una sentencia que no se ajusta a derecho — a legally flawed verdict
* * *= adjust, calibrate, twiddle, scale, tweak, fine tune [fine-tune], muck around/about, align.Ex. The brightness can be adjusted by turning the two knobs at the lower right of the screen.Ex. The maps are calibrated to show fine distinctions within Geauga = Se calibran los mapas para mostrar pequeñas distinciones dentro de la región de Geauga.Ex. Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.Ex. To produce a statewide estimate, this framework would need to be scaled to accommodate all public libraries in a particular state.Ex. This book offers strategies for high school teachers that provide tools for creating, repairing, and tweaking all the discernible components of teaching.Ex. These statistics have been used to fine tune the system and improve response time = Se han usado estos resultados estadísticos para ajustar el funcionamiento del sistema y mejorar el tiempo de respuesta.Ex. I have looked at the book and mucked around with the database and using switches but can't see a solution.Ex. Entry words may be aligned in a centre column or in a left hand column.----* ajustar Algo a = bring + Nombre + into compliance with.* ajustar cuentas = settle + a score, settle + things, get + even.* ajustar la exposición = adjust + exposure.* ajustarse = suit, fit + snugly, suit + best.* ajustarse a = conform to, befit, align.* ajustarse a exigencias = suit + demands.* ajustarse el cinturón = tighten + Posesivo + belt, gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.* desajustar = throw out of + alignment.* que no ajusta bien = ill-fitting.* sin ajustar = unadjusted, loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) ( apretar) to tighten (up)b) ( regular) to adjustc) <retrovisor/asiento/cinturón de seguridad> to adjust2) ( en costura) to take in3)a) <gastos/horarios>b) <sueldo/jubilación> to adjust4) <precio/alquiler/sueldo> to fix, set5) < cuentas> ( sacar el resultado de) to balance; ( saldar) to settle2.ajustar vi to fit3.ajustarse v pron1) (refl) < cinturón de seguridad> to adjust2) piezas to fit3) (ceñirse, atenerse)ajustarse a algo: su declaración no se ajusta a la verdad his statement is not strictly true; deberá ajustarse a estas condiciones it will have to comply with these conditions; una sentencia que no se ajusta a derecho — a legally flawed verdict
* * *= adjust, calibrate, twiddle, scale, tweak, fine tune [fine-tune], muck around/about, align.Ex: The brightness can be adjusted by turning the two knobs at the lower right of the screen.
Ex: The maps are calibrated to show fine distinctions within Geauga = Se calibran los mapas para mostrar pequeñas distinciones dentro de la región de Geauga.Ex: Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.Ex: To produce a statewide estimate, this framework would need to be scaled to accommodate all public libraries in a particular state.Ex: This book offers strategies for high school teachers that provide tools for creating, repairing, and tweaking all the discernible components of teaching.Ex: These statistics have been used to fine tune the system and improve response time = Se han usado estos resultados estadísticos para ajustar el funcionamiento del sistema y mejorar el tiempo de respuesta.Ex: I have looked at the book and mucked around with the database and using switches but can't see a solution.Ex: Entry words may be aligned in a centre column or in a left hand column.* ajustar Algo a = bring + Nombre + into compliance with.* ajustar cuentas = settle + a score, settle + things, get + even.* ajustar la exposición = adjust + exposure.* ajustarse = suit, fit + snugly, suit + best.* ajustarse a = conform to, befit, align.* ajustarse a exigencias = suit + demands.* ajustarse el cinturón = tighten + Posesivo + belt, gird (up) + Posesivo + loins.* desajustar = throw out of + alignment.* que no ajusta bien = ill-fitting.* sin ajustar = unadjusted, loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].* * *ajustar [A1 ]vtA1 (apretar) ‹tornillo/freno› to tighten (up)2 (regular) ‹tornillo/dispositivo› to adjustajustar la entrada de agua to regulate the flow of water3 ‹retrovisor/asiento/cinturón› to adjust4 (encajar) ‹piezas› to fit5 ‹página› to make upB (en costura) to take inC1 ‹gastos/horarios› ajustar algo A algo to adapt sth TO sthtenemos que ajustar los gastos a los ingresos we have to tailor our expenditure to our income2 ‹sueldo/jubilación› to adjustles ajustan el sueldo con la inflación their wages are adjusted in line with inflationD (acordar) ‹precio/alquiler/sueldo› to fix, setajustaron el precio en 120 euros the price was fixed o set at 120 euros, they agreed on a price of 120 eurostodavía falta ajustar el alquiler we still have to reach an agreement on o agree on o fix o set the rentE ‹cuentas›1 (sacar el resultado de) to balance■ ajustarvito fitA ( refl) ‹cinturón› to adjustB (encajarse, alinearse) «piezas» to fitC (a una condición, un horario) ajustarse A algo:una distribución jerárquica que no se ajusta a las necesidades reales a hierarchical structure that does not meet real needsesta decisión no se ajusta a su política de apertura this decision is out of line with o not in keeping with their policy of opennesstenemos que ajustarnos al horario we must keep to o work within the timetableajustémonos al tema let's keep to the subjectsu declaración no se ajusta a la verdad his statement is not strictly truesiempre tengo que ajustarme a sus caprichos I always have to go along with his whimsdeberá ajustarse a las condiciones aquí descritas it will have to comply with the conditions laid down hereuna sentencia que no se ajusta a derecho a verdict which is legally flawed o which is wrong in law* * *
ajustar ( conjugate ajustar) verbo transitivo
1
2 ( en costura) to take in
3a) ‹gastos/horarios› ajustar algo a algo to adapt sth to sth
4 ( concertar) to fix, set
5 ‹ cuentas› ( sacar el resultado de) to balance;
( saldar) to settle
verbo intransitivo
to fit
ajustarse verbo pronominal
1 ( refl) ‹ cinturón de seguridad› to adjust
2 [ piezas] to fit
ajustar verbo transitivo
1 to adjust
2 (apretar) to tighten
(encajar) to fit
3 Fin (cuenta) to settle
♦ Locuciones: figurado ¡ya te ajustaré las cuentas!, I'll get even with you!
' ajustar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adaptar
- cuenta
- regular
- poner
English:
adjust
- fit
- score
- square
- work in
- bone
* * *♦ vt1. [encajar] [piezas de motor] to fit;[puerta, ventana] to push to2. [arreglar] to adjust;el técnico ajustó la antena the engineer adjusted the aerial3. [apretar] to tighten;ajusta bien la tapa screw the lid on tight4. [poner en posición] [retrovisor, asiento] to adjust5. [pactar] [matrimonio] to arrange;[pleito] to settle; [paz] to negotiate; [precio] to fix, to agree;hemos ajustado la casa en cinco millones we have agreed a price of five million for the house6. [adaptar] to alter;el sastre ajustó el vestido the tailor altered the dress;tendrás que ajustar tus necesidades a las nuestras you'll have to adapt your needs to fit in with ours;tenemos que ajustar los gastos a los ingresos we shouldn't spend more than we earn;ajustar las pensiones al índice de inflación to index-link pensions7. [asestar] to deal, to give8. Imprenta to make up9. [reconciliar] to reconcile10. [saldar] to settle;ajustar las cuentas a alguien to settle a score with sb;¡la próxima vez que te vea ajustaremos cuentas! you'll pay for this the next time I see you!♦ vi[venir justo] to fit properly, to be a good fit;la ventana no ajusta bien the window won't close properly* * *I v/t2 precio set;ajustar(le) las cuentas a alguien fig have a settling of accounts with s.o., settle accounts with s.o.II v/i fit* * *ajustar vt1) : to adjust, to adapt2) : to take in (clothing)3) : to settle, to resolve* * *ajustar vb1. (adaptar) to adjust2. (apretar) to tighten -
20 deliberar
v.to deliberate.Ellos discurren por horas They deliberate for hours.* * *1 to decide1 to deliberate ( sobre, on)* * *1. VT1) (=debatir) to debate2) (=decidir)2.VI to deliberate ( sobre on)discuss (si whether)* * *verbo intransitivoa) comisión/comité ( debatir)b) ( reflexionar) to deliberate* * *= deliberate.Ex. Ethical principles are called into play when deliberating about values, particularly when values run into conflict.* * *verbo intransitivoa) comisión/comité ( debatir)b) ( reflexionar) to deliberate* * *= deliberate.Ex: Ethical principles are called into play when deliberating about values, particularly when values run into conflict.
* * *deliberar [A1 ]vise reunieron a deliberar sobre el tema they met to deliberate on o for deliberations on the matter ( frml), they met to have talks on o to discuss the matterel jurado se retiró a deliberar the jury retired to consider its verdict2 (reflexionar) to deliberatedespués de mucho deliberar after much deliberation* * *
deliberar verbo intransitivo to deliberate (on), consider
' deliberar' also found in these entries:
English:
deliberate
- ponder
* * *deliberar vi1. [discutir] to deliberate ( sobre about o on);el jurado se reunió a deliberar the jury assembled to deliberate2. [meditar, pensar] to deliberate;después de mucho deliberar, decidió actuar after much deliberation, she decided to act* * *I v/i deliberate ( sobre on)II v/t discuss* * *deliberar vi: to deliberate
См. также в других словарях:
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verdict — From the Latin veredictum, a true declaration. Clark v. State, 170 Tenn. 494, 499, 97 S.W.2d 644, 646. The formal decision or finding made by a jury, impaneled and sworn for the trial of a cause, and reported to the court (and accepted by it),… … Black's law dictionary
Verdict — This article is about the legal finding of fact. For the Agatha Christie play, see Verdict (play). For the magazine by Robert Brinsmead, see Present Truth Magazine. For any of several film and TV dramas, see The Verdict (disambiguation) … Wikipedia
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general verdict rule — n: a rule providing that if a jury returns a general verdict in favor of one party it is presumed to have found in favor of that party on every issue Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996 … Law dictionary
Party verdict — Party Par ty (p[aum]r t[y^]), n.; pl. {Parties} (p[aum]r t[i^]z). [F. parti and partie, fr. F. partir to part, divide, L. partire, partiri. See {Part}, v.] 1. A part or portion. [Obs.] The most party of the time. Chaucer. [1913 Webster] 2. A… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Special verdict — Special Spe cial, a. [L. specialis, fr. species a particular sort, kind, or quality: cf. F. sp[ e]cial. See {Species}, and cf. {Especial}.] 1. Of or pertaining to a species; constituting a species or sort. [1913 Webster] A special is called by… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
partial verdict — A verdict in a criminal case prosecuted under an indictment containing several counts, wherein the accused is found guilty on some of the counts, without mention of the remaining counts. Jolly v United States, 170 US 402, 42 L Ed 1085, 18 S Ct… … Ballentine's law dictionary
special verdict — A verdict finding the facts, in response to interrogatories submitted to it, without a conclusion as to the party prevailing in the case, such being left to the determination by the court upon the application of the law to the facts as found by… … Ballentine's law dictionary
office found — noun : the return of a verdict by an inquest of office … Useful english dictionary